This isn't exactly an IT question, but to answer your question, yes, somewhat. Some carriers use different technologies: AT&T/Cingular, T-Mobile, and many other carriers use the GSM band, which includes technologies such as EDGE, UMTS, and GPRS, while Verizon, Sprint, Alltel, and several others use IS-95 or CDMA2000, which includes technologies like 1xRTT and EV-DO. These signals are often transmitted even in standby.
See <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mobile_phone_standards">this article</a> for more information.